In addition, cross case analysis led to the development of localized conceptual models of participant success. A technical view of a case the case researcher needs to generate a picture of the case and then pro duce a portrayal of the case for others to see. Cross sectional, repeat cross sectional, case history, thematic, within case analysis, between case analysis. Individual, case one organisation or one family or group a group of older men. Clearly, according to conventional understanding of theory testing, a single case can only falsify a theory. When you conduct a thematic analysis in psychology, you transcribe your interview and use excerpts from the transcript to support the qualitative data you report on. Qualitative data management strategies that depend solely on coding and sorting of texts into units of like meaning can strip much of this contextual richness away. Immersion served the purposes of intensification and evocation for me at the beginning of the analysis, when i identified signifi. Thematic analysis is an interpretive process, whereby data is.
Withincase versus crosscase causal analysis university. They described, in rich, thick case reports, the practice of leadership in real life reform situations. Date published september 6, 2019 by jack caulfield thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. The initial analysis was led by ns, although all authors contributed to the development of the themes through cross checking with images and. Recurrent cross sectional analysis explores themes and changes over time at the level of the entire study sample, although there may also be variation of interest in the samples at different time points. For case study analysis, one of the most desirable techniques is to use a patternmatching logic. If the patterns coincide, the results can help a case. Watch more videos for more knowledge what is a cross sectional view.
Thematic analysis, use of matrices to compare data on common themes, no need to use qualitative data analysis software. Breen faculty of education, university of technology, sydney, australia abstract this article guides readers through the decisions and considerations involved in conducting focusgroup research. A cross case thematic analysis of systemic leadership. Qualitative case study guidelines sasa baskarada joint and operations analysis division defence science and technology organisation dstogd0773 abstract this report presents guidelines for conducting qualitative case studies. We also define thematic analysis and the trustworthiness criteria created by lincoln and guba 1985. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in. The case study example within this article was part of a mixed method project which contained a qualitative approach to interpreting interview data using thematic analysis. Cross case analysis is a method that involves the indepth exploration of similarities and differences across cases with a view to supporting empirical generalisability and theoretical predictions. In the case of thematic analysis, processed data can be displayed and classified according to its similarities and differences miles and huberman 1994. We describe a worked example of three such methods where three independent teams synthesized two studies that investigated critical factors of trust in outsourced projects through thematic synthesis and cross case analysis, and compared these to each other and also to an already published narrative synthesis. The analytic process is very similar to studies that focus on a single point in time, so details of this approach will only briefly be discussed.
There may therefore be two approaches within case study development that might be oversimpli. A guide to synthesising qualitative research for researchers. Case study research has a long history within the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, dating back to the early 1920s. The chapter highlights a number of key observations about environmental assessments across the region covering commonalities. In the first stage each of the six case studies utilized mixed qualitative methods to gather data over three cycles. Phsi crosscase analysis report vii challenges associated with leading health reform. Subsequently, some suggestions for its effective use are put forward so that this approach can help to provide meaningful interpretive. Across case analysis in the following section, each investigator reports on a qualitative study in which. A practical guide to focusgroup research rosanna l. Cross case analysis is a research method that can mobilize knowledge.
Case analysis and implications for research, theory. Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an. It is the analysis of the qualitative component of this study that forms the basis of the discussion contained herewith. Chapter 1 single cases a multicase study project as a whole will have its plan and organization, and so will the study of each individual case. For comments on an earlier version of the chapter, i thank elliot mishler, paul rosenblatt, jay gubrium and jim holstein. Despite a plethora of case studies in the social sciences, it is the authors opinion that case studies remain relatively undermined sources of expertise. The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly. Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. By definition crosscase analysis relates to comparisons being made. Crosscase synthesis and analysis sage research methods. Within case and across case approaches to qualitative data analysis lioness ayres karen kavanaugh. Such a logic trochim, 1989 compares an empirically based pattern with a predicted one or with several alternative predictions. We describe the activity of thematic synthesis, outline several steps for its conduct and.
To prevent this, some authors have recommended treating individual accounts as whole cases or stories, but. Introduction to applied thematic analysis 5 defining qualitative research before talking about process, we should first define what we mean by qualita tive research, since the definition influences how we characterize qualitative data analysis, the data items to be used in our analysis, and the types of analyses. Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary qualitative research. Majersik, md, lingling zhang, ma, annette sandretto, msn, phillip a. Below, we situate ata within the qualitative data analysis literature to help both frame the process and provide. Crosscase analysis the premise of this monograph is that recent significant change in urban operations has more to do with informationrelated factors than with traditional military force factors. Thematic analysis an overview sciencedirect topics. Using generic inductive approach in qualitative educational. Writing a results section for thematic analysis in a. Following each site analysis, a thematic map was developed. It is usually applied to a set of texts, such as interview transcripts. Generally, thematic analysis is the most widely used qualitative approach to analysing interviews. A metamatrix view, see the pdf file for an improved version 44. The generalizations developed by qualitative researchers are embedded in the contextual richness of individual experience.
Crossthematic analysis european environment agency. Types of case studies explanatory case studies can also serve to test causeandeffect relationships. Crosscase analysis is used when the unit of analysis is a case, which. A qualitative study investigating two cases and utilizing a cross case analysis was performed. The director or coordinator will think about all the cases, but a field researcher or data gatherer will.
Cross case analysis was also undertaken to explore the heterogeneity of the group of participants. This chapter presents a cross cutting overview of the eeaoa results around the two key themes of the astana ministerial conference. Similarly, qualitative researchers have become increasingly familiar with textual analysis using software programmes based on neural network theory, and a new. Crosscase analysis the crosscase analysis reported in this chapter is built upon the situationality elements and instructional methods found in the specific case analysis reports. Scott, md abstract patientcare practices often lag behind currentscienti. As a result of the aggregated analysis, the initial research model is refined and extended. Crosscase analysis is a research method that facilitates the comparison of. However, you may be wondering what your results section may look like when you use a thematic analysis. This chapter examines how the qualitative and quantitative research traditions treat within case analysis versus cross case analysis for causal inference. English learning transition from school to university in china. For example, how issues influence the perceptions of participants. The conceptual framework of the thematic analysis for my interviews was mainly built upon the theoretical positions of braun and clarke 2006. In qualitative research, the primary focus is on specific events and processes taking place within each individual case. Through an analysis of how this case study was conducted, the main features of the generic inductive approach are discussed in detail.
Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Oct 27, 2015 following an individual discussion of the empirical profiles, this chapter offers an aggregated analysis of findings. Despite being one of the most frequently used qualitative research methodologies in educational research, the methodologists do not have a full consensus on the design and implementation of case. An analysis that examines themes, similarities, and differences across cases is referred to as a cross case analysis. The method of analysis chosen for my study was a qualitative approach of thematic analysis. Crosscase analysis the cross case analysis reported in this chapter is built upon the situationality elements and instructional methods found in the specific case analysis reports. Finally, thematic analysis provides the opportunity to code and categorise data into themes. The process involves the identification of themes international journal of. We call this process applied thematic analysis ata. Withincase and acrosscase approaches to qualitative data. Crosscase analysis is a research method that can mobilize knowledge. Qualitative data management strategies that depend solely on coding and sorting of texts into units of like meaning can strip much of this contex tual richness.
Cross case analysis is used when the unit of analysis is a case, which is any bounded unit, such as an individual. For the purpose of this paper, three of the most relevant methods of case study synthesis are compared. If the patterns coincide, the results can help a case study to strengthen its internal validity. An analysis that examines themes, similarities, and differences across cases is referred to as a crosscase analysis. The following example gives you a sense of how to structure. The chapter highlights a number of key observations about environmental assessments across the region covering commonalities, differences and limitations, institutional. Thematic analysis is the process of identifying patterns or themes within qualitative data. Miles and huberman recommend that researchers then subject the themes across all of the cases to variableoriented analysis. Yins case study process is elaborated on and additional principles from the wider literature are integrated.
Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary. In its purest form the grounded theory approach to data analysis alleges that all explanations or theories are derived from the dataset itself rather than from a researchers prior theoretical viewpoint. Field guide to case study research in tourism, hospitality and leisure, pp. This form of analysis enables cases to be roughly compared and assists in synthesizing interactions between phenomena. Cross case analysis the premise of this monograph is that recent significant change in urban operations has more to do with informationrelated factors than with traditional military force factors.
The recurrent cross sectional approach has been the more commonly used approach to longitudinal qualitative research in healthcare. We outline a practical process for conducting thematic analysis that aims to meet the trustworthiness criteria using exemplars from our study of strategic clinical networks scns in. Thematic analysis is the inductive process of identifying codes, analyzing, grouping, and reporting themes or patterns found within the collected qualitative data. Three approaches to case study methods in education. The chapter ends with some implications for research, theory, and practice in the area. Bren neale flag research centretimescapes university of. This pdf is emerald group publishing limited and is provided for your own personal. Created using powtoon free sign up at create animated videos and animated presentations for free. Leading qualitative methodologies of hypothesis testing, such as process tracing and counterfactual analysis, are. Attempting rigour and replicability in thematic analysis. We outline a practical process for conducting thematic analysis that aims to meet the trustworthiness criteria using exemplars from our study of strategic clinical networks scns in alberta, canada.
Strategies enhancing credibility, consistency and transferability were employed to increase the trustworthiness of the. Thematic analysis provides a flexible and useful tool to identify and organize key themes from qualitative data. Water and related ecosystems and the green economy. The goal of this cross case synthesis is to explore, validate, and test associations among concepts yin 2009. Mar 02, 2016 conducting a recurrent cross sectional analysis. Briefly put, ata is a type of inductive analysis of qualitative data that can involve multiple analytic techniques.